Showing posts with label covalent bond. Show all posts
Showing posts with label covalent bond. Show all posts
What is Covalent bonding?
The covalent bond is formed by sharing of pairs of valence electrons between like atoms rather than by electron transfer.
eg : consider the hydrogen molecule H2 ; when two isolated 'H' atoms, each with its electron in the ground state 1S orbital approach each other , the 1S clouds begin to overlap. Each electron is attracted to the other nucleus and the overlap increases( provided the electrons have opp spin) . The two atomic orbitals merge into a molecular orbital. when the repulsive forces have been balanced the attractive forces a molecule results , having stability greater than that of two isolated atoms.
The covalent bonding is also known as "Home polar" or "electron - pair bonding".
Saturation in covalent bonds
Hydrogen molecule can be stable with only two atoms. If a third atom is brought near 'H2' it is repelled due to allowed exchange of spins is repulsive.Thus covalent bond exhibits.
Direction nature of Covalent bond
The covalent bond is formed as a result of pairing of two electrons in the atomic orbitals of two atoms, the bond then should lie along the direction of overlapping of atomic orbitals.Hence covalent bonds will have strong preferences.
Hybrid bonding
Covalent bonds are not only formed by pure 'S' orbitals or pure 'P' orbitals but can also be formed by the overlapping of 'S' and 'P' orbitals called hybrid bonding. eg:- H2O; The HOH bond angle is 104.5 deg
eg : consider the hydrogen molecule H2 ; when two isolated 'H' atoms, each with its electron in the ground state 1S orbital approach each other , the 1S clouds begin to overlap. Each electron is attracted to the other nucleus and the overlap increases( provided the electrons have opp spin) . The two atomic orbitals merge into a molecular orbital. when the repulsive forces have been balanced the attractive forces a molecule results , having stability greater than that of two isolated atoms.
The covalent bonding is also known as "Home polar" or "electron - pair bonding".
Saturation in covalent bonds
Hydrogen molecule can be stable with only two atoms. If a third atom is brought near 'H2' it is repelled due to allowed exchange of spins is repulsive.Thus covalent bond exhibits.
Direction nature of Covalent bond
The covalent bond is formed as a result of pairing of two electrons in the atomic orbitals of two atoms, the bond then should lie along the direction of overlapping of atomic orbitals.Hence covalent bonds will have strong preferences.
Hybrid bonding
Covalent bonds are not only formed by pure 'S' orbitals or pure 'P' orbitals but can also be formed by the overlapping of 'S' and 'P' orbitals called hybrid bonding. eg:- H2O; The HOH bond angle is 104.5 deg
What is Heavy water?
Normal water is made of two Hydrogen atoms and one Oxygen atom. Hydrogen atom and Oxygen atoms are covalently bonded
together. Normal water is designated by H2O.
Heavy water also has same molecular structure but Hydrogen atoms are replaced by isotopes of Hydrogen called 'Deuterium'. Standard hydrogen has one Proton in its nucleus (Relative Molecular Mass = 1), Deuterium has one Proton and one Neutron in it nucleus, (Relative Molecular Mass = 2). Hence it is 'heavier' than normal hydrogen. This leads to the water being heavier.
Heavy water also has same molecular structure but Hydrogen atoms are replaced by isotopes of Hydrogen called 'Deuterium'. Standard hydrogen has one Proton in its nucleus (Relative Molecular Mass = 1), Deuterium has one Proton and one Neutron in it nucleus, (Relative Molecular Mass = 2). Hence it is 'heavier' than normal hydrogen. This leads to the water being heavier.
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