Showing posts with label magnetic field. Show all posts
Showing posts with label magnetic field. Show all posts

COMPARISON OF ELECTRIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FIELD

 

ELECTRIC FIELD

MAGNETIC FIELD

Source is “ Charge”

Source is current

Obeys inverse square law

Obeys inverse square law

Obeys principle of superposition

Obeys principle of superposition

It is independent of angle

It is dependent on angle

Electric field lines don’t form close loops

Magnetic field lines form closed loops

Electric field changes kinetic energy of particle

Magnetic field doesn’t change kinetic energy of particle.

A particle experiences electric field whether it is at rest or in motion

A particle experiences magnetic field only in motion and a charge at rest doesn’t experience the magnetic field.


How does Stern Gerlach Experiment proved spatial quantization and spin of electron

THE STERN-GERLACH EXPERIMENT



 Procedure implemented:


The silver atoms beam is produced by heating silver in a small electric oven. The beam is passed through an inhomogenous Magnetic Field.

Arrangement to produce inhomogenous Magnetic Field


We have one of pole pieces of the magnet flat with a cylindrical groove and the other in the form of a knife edge, parallel to groove.

The intensity of magnetic field increases as we go towards upper knife edge pole from center and it decreases as we go below towards lower pole.

A photographic plate is arranged to record the configuration of beam after its passage through the field.

The whole arrangement is placed in a vacuum. In absence of magnetic field, a trace of form of a narrow strip is obtained as shown in fig (a).

In presence of inhomogenous magnetic field the strip splits up into two components as shown in fig(b). 



The splitting of silver beam into two components in inhomogenous field verifies existence of electro spin and postulate of space quantization as shown below: 

Silver has an atomic number 47. According to Pauli's exclusion principle, all inner shells and sub shells are completely filled except outer most electron in 5S state.  Thus, it is a monovalent element.
The 5S electron is responsible for magnetic moment of atom.

When all silver atoms possessing a magnetic moment 'μᴊ' pass through inhomogenous magnetic field, they experience different amount of force in vertical direction depending on their orientation and alignment with magnetic field.

If magnetic moment  'μᴊ' can have all possible orientations then beam of Silver atoms consisting of Millions of atoms having all possible orientations will spread out into a broad continuous band on emerging from magnetic field. So a broad continuous patch should be observed on photographic plate.

Experimentally only two narrow strips are obtained on photographic plate. Therefore, predictions of classical physics are not correct in this case.

The two narrow strips show that 'μᴊ' cannot have all possible orientations, but only two possible orientations as shown in below figure



We know that 'μᴊ' is proportional to angular momentum 'J' and hence direction of 'J' relative to a well defined direction is given by

J = [√j(j+1)   ]* h/2Π

There are (2j+1) possible orientations of J. The Stern-Gerlach experiment shows that (2j+1)=2 or j=1/2.

Thus, J=(√3 /2)* (h/2Π)

It is known that angular momentum 'J' of Silver atoms entirely due to spin of its valence electrons. Thus, we conclude that the electron has a spin angular momentum

S = [√s(s+1)]*(h/2Π); where s=1/2.

Thus, Stern and Gerlach found that intial beam split into two distinct parts, corresponding to two opposite spin orientations in magnetic field that are permitted by space quantization.


WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE?


Electricity and magnetism are different facets of electromagnetism. This connection first elucidated by Faraday, Maxwell.

 
Faraday’s Law:  A changing magnetic field will create an electric field.  The direction of the electric field will be perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

Maxwell’s Proposal:  A changing electric field will create a magnetic field.  The direction of the magnetic field will be perpendicular to the direction of the electric field.




RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM

A changing magnetic field produces an electric field, and a changing electric field produces a magnetic field.

Electric and Magnetic fields can produce forces on charges

An accelerating charge produces electromagnetic waves (radiation)

Both electric and magnetic fields can transport energy
      Electric field energy used in electrical circuits, e.g., released in lightning
      Magnetic field carries energy through transformer

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

The electromagnetic wave is looked at as sinusoidal waves which are composed of a combination of two fields which are i) electric field and ii) a magnetic field at right angle to that electric field.




 

All electromagnetic radiation travels at c =  3x108 m/s in vacuum – real number is 299792458.0 m/s exactly

Examples of Electromagnetic Radiation

          AM and FM radio waves (including TV signals)
          Cell phone communication links
          Microwaves
          Infrared radiation
          Light
          X-rays
          Gamma rays
 

Uses of Electromagnetic Waves
 
•  Communication systems
    Radar
    Cooking (with microwaves)
    Medical Imaging (X rays)
    “Night Vision” (infrared)
     Astronomy (radio, mwave, IR, visible, UV, gamma)