Properties of Positronium

The lowest Bohr orbit of Positronium is one for which n=1 and l=0, so that the lowest is an S-state.

The S state has fine structure due to the spins of particles; when the two spins are oppositely directed, the atom is in a ¹S state. When the two spins are parallel, it is in a ³S state, and has higher energy.

The triplet state is a meta stable state and has longer life time than singlet state.

The life time of singlet state was revealed by J.Pirenne, J A wheeler and is of order 10⁻¹ΒΊ Sec.

The life time of Triplet state was revealed by Ore & Powell and is about 1.4x10⁻⁷ Sec.

Annihilation radiation emitted by combination of electron-Positron pair in ¹S state should consist of two gamma ray photons emitted simultaneously.

Radiation from ³S state of this system should consist of 3 𝛾 ray Photons emitted simultaneously.

The first experimental evidence for formation of Positronium was obtained by M. Deutsch, who observed time delay between emission of Positron from ²²Na and appearance of annihilation photon from substance in which Positrons are observed. Several gases N₂, O₂ etc are used as absorbers of Positrons. The time delay is due to formation of Positronium.

Properties of Pions

  • Pions are Mesons
  • There are 3 kinds of Pions: Ο€⁺, Ο€⁻, Ο€⁰
  • Either charged Pion possess a mass of 139.6 MeV and neutral Pion is 135.0 MeV.
  • Pions have spin zero.
  • P+P → Ο€⁺ + n + P
  • P+P → Ο€⁰ + P + P
  • P+n → Ο€⁻ + P + P

  • Charged Pions decay into Muons (Weak Process in Decay):

Ο€⁺ → πœ‡⁺ + 𝜈
Ο€⁻ → πœ‡⁻ + 𝜈

  • The mean life is 2.6 x 10⁻⁸ Sec. 

  • The neutral Pion decays in different way; process is 

Ο€⁰ → 𝛾 + 𝛾 ; This decay is Electromagnetic in nature.

The presence of photons in final state leads us to expect the process is electromagnetic in nature.

The Photons from the decay always seem to come from the spot at which Ο€⁰was produced in some bombardment process. The measurement of life time of such a short lived object is not easy but emulsion techniques provide enough spatial resolution so that in case of rare decay modes

 Ο€⁰ → 𝛾 + 𝛾
Ο€⁰ → 𝛾 + 𝛾 

it is barely possible to measure separation of electrons from place at which  Ο€⁰ was produced.

  •  The mean life of  Ο€⁰ is about 0.89 x 10⁻¹⁶ Sec.