What is Boyles Law?

Boyle's Law is a statement of the relationship between the pressure and volume of gasses. Specifically it states that under isothermic conditions, i.e. when temperature remains constant, the product of the pressure and volume remains constant, or

P₁ x V₁ = P₂ x V₂

where P₁ is the pressure before some change, V₁ is the volume before the change, P₂ and V₂ are the new values after the change.

What are the differences between jet airplanes and rockets?

Newton's third law of motion holds good for motion of both jet air planes and rocket engines. They move by expelling hot gases opposite to the direction of desired acceleration. The momentum imparted to the gases is exactly opposite to the momentum imparted to the vehicle.

The biggest difference between a jet engine and a rocket lies in their propulsion systems.

 A jet engine works like this: It sucks in air from the front of the engine. This air is burned with the fuel within the engine. The resulting large mass of gas is ejected towards the rear at high velocity, which both propels the airplane forward, and gets more air sucked into the engine. In normal flight, the engines are used to propel the airplane forward. The actual 'uplift' is gained through the wings using the strong flow of the wind. 

A rocket, in contrast, carries both fuel (which may be solid or liquid) and oxygen. Therefore it does not suck in air from the front. All it does is burn the fuel with the oxygen, and eject it at very high velocities backward. This momentum is used to both lift and propel the rocket. There are no wings for uplift. Any wings are for steering purposes. 

In a nut shell, rocket carries its own supply of oxygen for combustion. A jet engine requires oxygen from the atmosphere for combustion, and so cannot operate in the vacuum of space. 

 

How does ice form on a window pane in winter?

Its is related to "relative humidity", which is a measure of the amount of actual water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at a particular temperature. Warmer air can support more water vapor than cold air. As warm air comes in contact with a cold window pane, it's temperature is lowered and the water vapor that it can no longer hold condenses. If the temperature of the pane is below 0°C (32°F). that water freezes to become ice on the window pane.

CHEMICAL RESISTANCE & PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME PLASTICS

Courtesy: Dyna Labs

What is outgassing in vacuum science?

The generation of gas resulting from the desorption is known as outgassing. The outgassing constant is defined as the rate at which gas appears to emanate from unit area of surface, and is usually measured in units of Torr.Liter.Sec-1.Cm-2.     

If the temperature of the material is raised (baking), the outgasssing rate rises to a peak value.

Together with the acceleration of desorption, heating may also have the effect of causing activated chemisorption of physically adsorbed gas (in particular water vapour), which can then be desorbed only by prolonged heating at much high temperatures.

Chemi-adsorbed water vapor continues to be evolved at temperatures in excess of 300 degC. It should therefore appear that a degassing programme should begin with pumping at room temperature to remove physically adsorbed water vapor, before baking is commenced.