PHYSICS DICTIONARY

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Graham’s Law

At constant pressure and temperature, the rate of diffusion of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density.


Grain Boundary

It is defined as boundary separating two small grains or crystals having different crystallographic orientations in poly-crystalline materials.


Grain

Many crystalline solids are composed of collection of many small crystals called grains.


Gram Atomic Weight

Quantity of an element whose weight in grams is equal to atomic weight of element is called Gram Atomic Weight.


Gram Molecular Volume

The volume occupied by a mole of any gas is called gram molecular volume.

At 0oC and 76 cm Hg pressure, the gram molecular volume of any gas is 22.4 liters.


Gram Molecular Weight

Relative molecular mass of a substance expressed in grams with reference to the atomic weight of Hydrogen.


Gramophone

 It is the first device for recording and replaying.


Grand Canonical Ensemble

It is collection of large number of essentially independent systems having same temperature, volume and chemical potential.  The individual systems of a grand canonical ensemble are separated by rigid permeable and conducting walls.


Grand Unified Theory

Physics theory that can combine 3 of 4 fundamental forces into one single equation. The four forces are strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force and gravitational force. Combining of 3 interactions strong nuclear, weak nuclear and electromagnetic force is called unified theory.


Gravitational Constant

The gravitational force between two unit masses separated by unit distance is called universal gravitational constant. The value of “G” is 6.67*10-11    Nm2 Kg-2.


Gravitational Force

It is a long range and central force, which is attractive in nature and acts between any two masses in the universe.

 

Gravitational Intensity

Gravitational force of attraction exerted by a body on unit mass is called gravitational intensity.


Gravitational Mass

The ratio of gravitational force acting on a body to the acceleration due to gravity is called as gravitational mass.


Gravitational Potential

Gravitational potential at a point in gravitational field is amount of work done in bringing a unit mass from infinity to that point.


Graviton

Hypothetical particle assumed to be responsible for gravitational field just as photons for electromagnetic field. They are categorized as mass less Boson having spin-2 and mass zero.


Gravity

Phenomenon of attraction between two bodies due to existence of gravitational force acting along the line joining their centers.


Gray

It is the SI unit for Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD) which is equal to absorption of 1 Joule per Kg of material.


Great Circle

A great circle of sphere is intersection of sphere and plane which passes through center point of sphere. It is the largest possible circle that can be drawn around a sphere. All spheres have great circles. Great circle has same circumference and the center point same as its sphere. The geometry of spheres is useful for mapping the earth and other planets. All the meridians on earth are great circles.


Green House Effect

In green house, plants etc are enclosed in glass structure. The glass allows short wavelength radiation to enter. This radiation is absorbed by plants matter. It is subsequently radiated in the form of longer wavelength heat radiation, infrared rays. But they are not allowed to escape from glass. The heat radiation is trapped in green house keeping it warm. Similar effect takes place in atmosphere and is called green house effect.                                        


Green’s Theorem

This theorem is an applicable of fundamental theorem of calculus to integrating a certain combinations of derivatives over a plane. Suppose ‘R’ is a differentiable function. A double integral of certain type of function over a plane region ‘R’ can be expressed as line integral (of some function) along the boundary curve of R. This is called Green’s theorem.


Gregorian Telescope

Telescope designed by Scottish mathematician and astronomer James Gregory in 17th century. It is a reflecting telescope that has a parabolic primary mirror and a hyperbolic secondary mirror, light is brought to focus through an aperture in center of primary mirror. 


Gross Error

The errors due to faulty adjustment or improper usage of an instrument are called gross errors.


Ground

Entity in electric or electronic circuits. 


Ground State

When all electrons occupy lowest possible energy state then atom is said to be in ground state.


Group Velocity

When a number of progressive waves of slightly different wavelengths in a group superpose each other, the velocity with which the wave packet or the point of reinforcement advances in medium is called group velocity. 


Guard Ring

Extra electrode used in gas filled radiation detectors to minimize surface electric leakage currents of insulators.


Gyration

Simultaneous precession, nutation & rotation of body is called gyration of the body.


Gyro Compass

A gyrocompass is a motorized gyroscope, used widely on ships employing an electrically powered fast spinning gyroscope wheel, whose angular momentum interacts with force produced by the earth’s rotation to maintain a north – south orientation of gyroscopic spin axis there by providing as stable directional reference.


Gyroscope

If the fixed point, about which a symmetrical body is spinning about its axis, coincides with center of gravity of body, then it is known as gyroscope. The device consists of rotation, precession and nutation.


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