PHYSICS DICTIONARY

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Liquid Drop Model

It was theory proposed by Niel Bohr in 1936, which treats the nucleons as if they were molecules in a spherical drop of liquid. Scattering experiments with various particles such as electrons, nucleons and α- particles reveal that to a first approximation, nuclei can be considered spherical with essentially constant density.


Lissajous Figures

When a particle is influenced simultaneously by two simple harmonic motions at right angles to each other, the resultant motion of particle traces a curve called Lissajous figure. Lissajous figures are helpful in determining ratio of time periods of two vibrations.


Llyod’s Mirror

Classic optical experiment in which the arrangement produces interference pattern produced when part of the light from a slit falls directly on a screen, and part is reflected from a mirror whose surface makes a small angle with the incident beam.


Logarithm

The exponent indicating the power to which a fixed number, the base, must be raised to obtain a given number or variable.    

     If ax = M; then logarithm of ‘M’ to base ‘a’ is ‘x’.

or

Logarithm is defined as the exponent that indicates the power to which a number is raised to produce a given number (i.e., the logarithm of 100 to the base 10 is 2).


London Penetration Depth

 It is the distance inside the surface of superconductor at which flux density falls to 1/e of its value at the surface.


Long Range Alpha Particles

If the parent alpha emitter emits alpha particles when it is in an excited state then we get long range alpha particles.


Longitudinal Strain

It is the change in length per unit original length or it is fractional change in length.


Longitudinal Stress

When a force is applied on a body such that there is a change in the length of the body, the longitudinal force per unit area is called longitudinal stress.


Longitudinal Wave Motion

Wave motion in which particles of medium vibrate along the direction of propagation of wave.

 

Longitudinal Wave

Wave motion in which particles of medium vibrate along direction of propagation of wave.


Lorentz Fitzerald Contraction

The length of moving rod is contracted along the direction of motion by a factor sqrt[1-(v2/c2)] while there is no contraction along a direction perpendicular to the direction of motion.


Lorentz Force

The force which acts on an electric charge when placed in magnetic field is called as Lorentz force. The total force on a charge ‘q’ moving with velocity ‘V’ in an electric field ‘E’ and magnetic field ‘B’ is F = q(E+VxB). Magnetic Lorentz force is perpendicularly to both velocity ‘V’ and the magnetic fiekld ‘B’. Hence it does no work for a steady magnetic field.


Lorentz-Fitzerald Contraction

Every rigid body appears to have maximum dimensions when at rest relative to the observer. Its dimension appear to be contracted in the direction of relative motion by factor               sqrt(1 - V2/C2) when it moves with velocity ‘V’ relative to observer.


Loschmidt’s Number

The no. of molecules per unit volume of an ideal gas at 0 oc and normal atmospheric pressure. The number is 2.68719±0.0001 x 1019 cm-3.


Loud Speaker

Device used to convert electrical energy usually generated by microphone into sound energy. The loud speaker consists of a diaphragm and an electromagnet. When the changing current flows through the coil of an electromagnet, the magnetic flux also changes. Due to change in magnetic flux, the diaphragm is set into vibration. Hence electrical energy is converted into sound. 


Loudness of Sound

The amount of sound energy crossing per unit area around a point in one second is known as intensity of sound.

Loudness α log (intensity); ‘L’ represents sensation of loudness; ‘I’ represents intensity of sound


LS Coupling

It is also called Russell – Saunders scheme. This is the coupling of total orbital angular momentum L with total spin angular momentum S, to give a total momentum J. This coupling first involves independent coupling of individual electronic orbital angular momentum to give a total resultant orbital angular momentum (L) and the independent coupling of individual spin angular momentum to give resultant total spin momentum ‘S’. 


Lumen
It is the amount of light energy emitted per second by a uniform (point) source of one candela with in a cone of unit solid angle.

Luminescence
The property of emission of light by solids due to electron transitions is called as Luminescence. The phenomenon exhibited by some semiconductors, particularly compound semiconductors with direct band gaps in which electrons (carriers) are excited into higher impurity levels from which they fall into equilibrium states, giving off light. 

Luminosity
The comparative degree to which light of a given wavelength induces sensation of brightness when perceived.   
or
The relative quantity of radiation emitted by celestial source such as star.  

Luminous Flux
Total visible energy emitted by a source per unit time is called as total luminous flux from the source.

Lunar month
Time taken by the earth to complete one revolution round the sun.

Lux
SI unit of illuminance, equal to one lumen /m2.

Lyman Series
The spectrum of wavelength falling in Ultraviolet region of electromagnetic spectrum due to transition of electrons from higher energy states (orbits) to first orbit (inner most orbit) is called Lyman series.

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