PHYSICS DICTIONARY

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Perpetual Machine of First Kind

The perpetual machine is a hypothetical concept which provides mechanical work more than the heat absorbed by it. Perpetual machine will continue forever without external energy.

Perpetual Machine of Second Kind

It is an imaginary concept as per which,  a machine which can absorb heat from source and completely convert it into work without converting it into internal energy.

Perturbation Theory

A set of mathematical methods for obtaining approximate solutions to complex equations for which no exact solution is possible or known, generally involving an iterative algorithm in which each new term contributing to the solution has less significance than the last. In quantum physics, Feynman diagrams are used to calculate the terms for the perturbation theory solution of interactions between particles.

Peta

Prefix in metric system denoting 1015 of physical quantity

Pfund Series

The spectrum of wavelengths formed due to electronic transitions from higher states to fifth orbit of atom. The wavelengths fall in far infrared region. 

Phase (SHM)

 Fraction of time interval that has elapsed since the particle crossed the mean position of rest in the positive direction.

                                                  (or)

It is the ratio of displacement of vibrating particle at any instant to the amplitude of vibrating particle.

Phase Constant

 It is the initial phase of the particle in SHM.

Phase Plate

Device used to produce phase difference or path difference in ordinary and extra ordinary waves produced by plane polarized light.

Phase Point

The instantaneous state of a particle in phase space is represented by a point known as phase point.

Phase Space

In Heisenberg’s point of view, the state of a single particle is determined by position coordinates x, y, z and momentum coordinates Px, Py, Pz totally comprising six dimensions. This space is called as phase space.

Phase Velocity

The phase velocity of a wave is the rate at which the phase of wave propagates in space. This is velocity at which phase of any one frequency component of wave travels. For such a component, any given phase of wave will appear to travel at phase velocity.

or

When a progressive wave of a definite wavelength propagates in a medium, the velocity of propagation of its wave front is called phase velocity or wave velocity.

Phase (Wave Motion)

Ratio of displacement of vibrating particle at any instant to the amplitude of vibrating particle

or

It is defined as fraction of time interval that has elapsed since the particle crossed the mean position of rest in the possible direction.

Phase

A homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform physical and chemical characteristics is called as phase.

or

It is a Greek word “appearance” and is defined as a physically distinct but homogeneous part of a system which is separated from other parts of the system by finite bounding surface. Thus, each different, physically homogeneous part of a system is called as phase. For instance in water system consisting ice, water and its vapor, ice is the solid phase, water is liquid phase and vapor is gaseous phase.

Phon

A unit of apparent loudness, equal in number to the intensity in decibels of 1000 Hertz have perceived to be as loud as sound being measured.

Phonon

Hypothetical particle introduced for defining quantum of vibrational energy associated with atoms in crystal lattice.

Phosphorescence

Type of luminescence in which emission of light occurs with removal of excitation source with decay time of few seconds to hours or days.

Phot

A phot is a unit of illuminance, or luminous flux through an area. It is given as one lumen per cm2.

Photo Conductivity

 Electrical conductivity that results from photon induced electron excitations in which light is absorbed. The phenomenon which is usually observed in photo conductors and other semi conductor devices.

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