PHYSICS DICTIONARY

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Thermal Expansion

Expansion of liquid, solid or gas due to subjection of temperature.

Thermal Neutron

Neutrons whose average kinetic energy is reduced to that of atoms of medium in which they are travelling at a particular temperature are called thermal neutrons.

                                                       or

When a Neutron moving in a medium attains thermal energy of atoms of medium at ambient temperature, then it is said to be thermal neutron.

Thermal Radiation (Thermodynamics)

It is the mechanism of heat transfer through electromagnetic waves. This type of heat transfer can take place even through vacuum.

Thermal Runaway

The self destruction of an unstabilised transistor is known as thermal runaway.

Thermal Shock:

The fracture of a brittle material as a result of stresses that are introduced by a rapid temperature change is called as thermal shock.

Thermal Stress

Residual stress introduced within a body resulting from change in temperature.

Thermalization of Neutrons

Slowing down of neutrons having high energy to energies below 1eV is called thermalization of neutrons.

Thermionic Emission

 It is defined as emission of charge carriers from surface of a solid or over some kind of potential barrier facilitated by supplying thermal energy to the solid. Charge carriers so released from solid are called thermions and science dealing with this phenomenon is called Thermionics.

Thermionic emission is controlled by 3 characteristics of emitter:

a) Its temperature b) Its material composition (work function) and

c) Its surface area.

Thermocouple

 It is a sensor used for measuring temperature. It consists of two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end. When the junction of two metals is heated or cooled, a voltage is produced that can be correlated back to the temperature.

Thermodynamic Potentials

Energy functions which depend on variables P, V, T and S to completely describe thermodynamic system are called thermodynamic potentials. Four main thermodynamic potentials are Internal energy, Helmholtz energy, Enthalpy & Gibbs free energy.

 

Thermodynamic Scale of Temperature

 It is that scale which doesn’t depend on the nature of its working substance or its thermometric property.

Thermodynamics IIIrd Law

The heat capacities of all solids tends to zero as the absolute zero of temperature is approached and that the internal energies & entropies of all substances become equal there, approaching their common value asymptotically.

Thermodynamics IInd Law

 Every chemical or physical or natural process in nature takes place in such a manner that total energy increases or remains constant.

Thermodynamics Ist Law

 When a definite amount of work is done a certain amount of heat is produced & vice versa.

Thermodynamics

It is experimental or empirical science which deals with macroscopic properties of matter. 

Thermometer

 Device used to measure temperature.

Thermoplastic

Materials which soften when heated (and eventually liquefy) and harden when cooled, process that is totally reversible and may be repeated.

Thermos flask

 See deewar flask.

Thermostat

 Device used to maintain steady temperature. It consists of bimetallic strip used to control the connection.

Thevenin’s Theorem

 In a linear network consisting of emf’s and resistances connected between two points ‘A’ and ‘B’ is equivalent to a single effective emf in series with an effective resistance  connected between ‘A’ and ‘B’.

Thin Film

 Films having thickness between 100 Ao to 10000 Ao.

Thompson Scattering

 Elastic scattering process between a free electron and a photon of low energy.

Thomson Model of Atom

 In 1898, Joseph J. Thomson proposed an atomic model in which mass of atom is distributed uniformly over the volume of atom with a radius of order 1Ao and negatively charged electrons are dispersed uniformly with in a continuous spherical distribution of positive charge. The electrons forms rings and each ring can accommodate a certain upper limit in the number of electrons and then other rings begin to form. With this ring structure Thomson could in principle account for periodicity of properties of elements. Thomson’s atomic model is often referred as “Plum Pudding model “.  

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