A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Structure
The arrangement
of internal components of matter: electron structure (on a subatomic level),
crystal structure (on an atomic level) and microstructure (on a microscopic
level).
Sub
– Atomic
Term attributed
to particles smaller than atom.
Sublimation
Phase change of
solid in to gas directly is called sublimation.
Sun
The sun is star
at the center of our solar system. It is one of more than 100 billion stars
in our galaxy. It has diameter of
1,390,000 km; mass of 1.989x1030 kg & temperature: 5800 K (surface) & 15,600,000 K (core); The
Sun is, at present, about 70% hydrogen and 28% helium by
mass everything else ("metals") amounts to less than 2%. This
changes slowly over time as the Sun converts hydrogen to helium in its core.
Super
Cooling
Process of
cooling liquid below its phase transition temperature i.e. freezing point
without freezing (no phase transition) is called as super cooling.
Super
Fluid
Special phase of
matter in which, when cooled to temperatures near absolute zero, the molecules
exhibit strange quantum effects which make viscosity of fluid zero.
Super
Heating
Process of
heating liquid above its boiling point without causing vaporization is called
as super heating.
Superposition
Principle
When two waves
interact, the principle of superposition says that the resulting wave function
is the sum of the two individual wave functions.
Superconductivity
Materials that
behave as normal metals at temperatures greater than critical temperature but
exhibits zero dc resistivity below critical temperature i.e. exhibits perfect
diamagnetism.
Superconductor
They are metals which when cooled below
certain temperature called as critical temperature (usually few degrees above
absolute zero) suddenly lose all traces of electrical resistance.
Superposition
Theorem
In a linear network consisting of emf’s and
linear resistances, the current flowing in any element is the phasor sum of
currents that would flow in that element by each potential source, all other
sources being replaced at that time by their internal resistances.
Supersonic
Speed
Speed that exceeds speed of sound.
Surface
Energy:
The total energy
involved in the formation of liquid surface is sum of potential energy due to
mechanical work done and heat energy absorbed from the surroundings. The total
energy per unit surface area is called surface energy.
Surface
Tension
Tangential force
per unit length acting at right angles on either side of an imaginary line
drawn on free liquid surface is called as surface tension.
Surface
Waves
Seismic waves travelling through surface
layers are called surface waves.
Surroundings
All other matter that can interact with the
system.
Symmetric
Top
A symmetric body rotating (or spinning) about
an axis which is fixed at one point is called symmetric top.
Symmetric
Wave Function
A Wave function
is said to be symmetric if the interchange of any pair of particles leave the
wave function unchanged.
Synchrotron
It is a circular
accelerator, in which particles follow a circular orbit of constant radius
inside a vacuum chamber in the form of an evacuated circular tube with larger
radius. The evacuated chamber is placed into a magnetic field that changes in
time to account for the increase in particle mass with energy. There is no need
for magnetic field within the whole circular orbit of the beam; instead, a
narrow ring of magnets provides the guiding magnetic field. The particles are
accelerated by an RF electric field which is produced in a resonant cavity. The
particles pass through resonant cavity a large number of times and gain a small
amount of kinetic energy during each passage through cavity. Synchrotrons are
used for acceleration of protons.
Systematic
Errors
All measurements,
direct or indirect, are done through some type of measuring device. Since there
is no such thing as a perfect device, therefore one should expect some error
associated with the measurement. This type of error falls into the category of systematic errors,
which refer to the uncertainties in the measurement due to the measurement
procedures and devices. Systematic errors are not statistical in nature and
therefore cannot be determined by statistical methods. One of the ways to decrease
the systematic uncertainty is to properly calibrate the system.
System
of Variable Mass
Any physical system in which mass increases or decreases with time is called as variable mass system.
