Ice
Point
The temperature,
equal to 0 oC, at which pure water and ice are in equilibrium in a
mixture at 1 atmosphere of pressure is called as ice point. Ice point is most
important fixed point for defining temperature scales and for calibrating
thermometers.
Ideal
Fluid
Fluid is called
as ideal fluid if it has zero viscosity, zero compressibility and its flow
should be irrotational and steady.
Ideal
Gas
It is the gas
which perfectly obeys Boyle’s law and Charles law.
Identical
Particles
If two particles
are identical, no observable effects whatever can arise from interchanging
them. More precisely, all observable
quantities must remain unaltered if the position, momentum and other dynamical
variables such as spin of first particle are interchanged with those of second
particle.
Illumination
Process of focusing
light on to something to make it visible or bright is called as illumination.
Image
It
is an optically formed duplicate counterpart or other representative
reproduction of an object, especially an optical reproduction formed by lens or
mirror.
or
Optical
appearance or counterpart produced by light from an object reflected in mirror
refracted through lens.
Imaginary
Number
It is
mathematical quantity of the form iX, where ‘X’ is real number. ‘I’ is unit
imaginary number and i2 = -1.
Impedance
Characteristic of
alternating current circuit made of two components: “resistance” and
“reactance”, which is a measure of total
opposition to current flow. It is usually represented as Z= R+iX, where ‘R’ is
ohmic resistance and ‘X’ is reactance.
Impulse
It is defined as
change in momentum when large force acts for short time interval.
Impurity
Diffusion
Process, where by
atoms of one metal diffuse into another is termed as impurity diffusion.
Incandescence
Property of hot
body which emits visible electromagnetic radiation by virtue of its
temperature.
Independent
Variable
Variable
who values are independent of changes in the values of other variables.
Or
Variable
whose value determines the value of other variables.
Indirect
Band Semiconductor
The semiconductor
in which an electron in conduction band
(minimum) cannot fall to valence band maximum but must undergo change in
momentum, which may be caused by traps in energy gap. Generally, the energy
difference is given up as heat to lattice.
Indirectly
Ionizing Radiation
It Comprises neutral particles (such as photons,
X-rays, neutrons) that deposit energy in the absorber through a two-step
process as follows: In the first step a charged particle is released in the
absorber (photons release either electrons or electron/positron pairs; neutrons
release protons or heavier ions). In the second step, the released charged
particles deposit energy to the absorber through direct Coulomb interactions
with orbital electrons of the atoms in the absorber.
Induced
Charge
When a charged
object is put close to a neutral object, charges are induced on the surface of
the neutral object and are called induced charges.
Inductance
The energy
density is proportional to the square of the magnetic field strength, which is
in turn proportional to the current flowing through the coiled wire, so the
energy stored in the inductor must be proportional to square of the current.
The constant of proportionality is called as inductance. The unit is joules per
ampere squared, abbreviated as Henry.
Induction
Concept
discovered by Faraday in 1831. Any electric field that changes over time will
produce magnetic field in space around it
or
any
magnetic field that changes over time will produce an electric field in the
space around it.
Induction
Coil
The induction
coil was invented in the late nineteenth century as a source of high voltage
for laboratory experiments. Induction coil is a device for converting
low-voltage direct current (DC) into high-voltage alternating current (AC). It
is a single coil of conductive material, often surrounding a metallic core,
designed to establish a strong magnetic field around the coil. Changes in the
current flow through the coil cause fluctuations in the magnetic field that
induce a voltage across the coil. Induction coils are used for many purposes, especially
as spark coils for firing spark plugs in automobile engines and
starting oil burners.
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