A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Internal
Conversion
In 1914, E. Rutherford suggested that
nucleus in an excited state can perform a transition to a lower state not only
by emitting gamma ray but also be transmitting energy directly to electrons
surrounding nucleus. Energy involved in this nuclear transition gets
transmitted directly to bound electron of atom and gets knocked out of atom.
Electrons like this are called conversion electrons and process is called
internal conversion.
Internal
Dose
Internal dose
means the dose received by internal organs of a living thing (actually we are
almost always concerned with doses received by humans) by a source or sources
inside the body. These sources may or may not be uniformly distributed
throughout the organ under consideration.
Internal
Energy Function
It is thermodynamics
energy function at constant volume. Mathematical representation is U=U(S, V, N);
Internal
Energy
The energy
possessed by a system due to its molecular constitution and the position of the
molecules.
Internal
Radiation Sources
Our bodies
contain some traces of radioactive elements that expose our tissues to
continuous low level radiation. This internal radiation primarily comes from Potassium-40
and Carbon-40 isotopes. However the absorbed dose and the damage to tissues due
to this radiation is minimal.
Internal
Work
When work is done
by one part of the system on another part of the system, them the work is
termed as internal work.
Interpolation
Calculation of
value of a function between the values already known.
Intrinsic
Semi-conductor
Semiconductor
in which concentration of electrons is equal to concentration of holes.
or
When
conductivity in crystalline semiconductor is due to solely the breaking of
covalent bonds, the substance is said to be intrinsic semi conductor.
Invariant
Tensor
The tensor which
has the same component in all coordinate systems is said to be invariant
tensors.
Inverse
Square Law
It states that the radiation flux is inversely
proportional to square of the distance from point source. This law is
consequence of the isotropic nature of a point source because such a source is
expected to radiate equally in all directions. This law is applicable to point
sources only.
Ion
implantation
Surface treatment technique used in
semiconductor devices fabrication and material science engineering, in which,
ions are accelerated and made to penetrate the surface of a component either to
impart wear resistance or to alter elemental composition of target for changing
physical, chemical or electrical properties of solid.
Ion
An ion is an atom
or group of atoms that is not electrically neutral but instead carries a
positive or negative electric charge.
Ionic
Bonding
Type of bonding
formed between metallic and non-metallic elements. Atoms of metallic element
easily give up their valence electrons to non-metallic atoms.
Ionic
Conduction
For ionic
materials, a net motion of charged ions is possible that produces a current,
termed as ionic conduction.
Ionization
It is process of
converting an atom into an ion by addition or removal of electrons from its
orbits.
Ionization
Chamber
It is a radiation
detector which works on principle of collection of charge because of primary ionization
of gas by incident ionizing radiation. The charge is measured by electrometer
and normally operates in current mode. The detector works in ionization region
out of 6 regions of gas filled detector. Ionization chambers have two distinct disadvantages
when compared to proportional counters: they are less sensitive, and they have
a slower response time.
Ionization
Potential
Amount of energy
required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule to an infinite
distance, usually expressed in volts. It is also known as ionization potential.
Ionizing
Radiation
Fast charged
particles, which deliver their energy to matter directly through many small
Coulomb-force interactions along their path, are referred to as “Directly
ionizing radiation”. X-rays or Gamma ray
photons or Neutrons (i.e. uncharged particles) are called as “indirect ionizing
radiation”, which first transfer their energy to the matter in which they pass,
for generating charged particles in a relatively few large interactions. The
resulting fast charged particles then in turn deliver the energy to the matter
through Coulomb force interaction.
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